Developments within establishments as well as young democracies have put pressure on the democratic model. Citizens seem to have become alienated from democratic institutions, on both national and supra-national levels as stresses within Europe show. The rise of populism on the left and the right shows that the threats to democracy emerge from within the institutions of democracy via elections. Many populists show contempt both for elites and for institutions, depicting constitutional checks and balances as suppression of the popular will. In this Conference Paper for the Salzburg Trilogue 2018, Sean Cleary locates modern forms of representative democracy in an historical context, clarifies the challenges it faces today and discusses the adaptations required to render it fit for purpose in a changing world.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327281001_Democracy-Its_Substance_and_Meaning_Can_One_Size_fit_All

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