Is the Prohibition on the Use of Force Collapsing?

Addressing vulnerability and promoting security
Sep 16, 2025 | Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

The post-World War II prohibition on the use of force is under assault, with Russia on the verge of seizing large swathes of eastern Ukraine, and President Donald Trump’s threats to annex Canada and Greenland. China has for years been building military installations on contested rocks, reefs, and islands in the South China Sea, intimidating neighbors and ignoring international legal decisions disputing its claims. What does the erosion of this foundational norm mean for the future of the international legal order? How can the world prevent its collapse and begin to build a more resilient international system? In their article for Carnegie, Oona Hathaway and Stewart Patrick analyze how effective the legal prohibition of war has been to date, and what the norm’s collapse could mean for the global economy and for geopolitics. https://carnegieendowment.org

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